Farms Rotation

Last week I had my farms rotation, which is my second to last rotation of this year. It has been such a great break from sitting in lecture halls for hours on end and slaving over cadavers in the anatomy lab.

So here are a couple things that I have learned in this rotation:

1. Drawing blood from jugular veins in sheep
2. Drawing blood from tail vein in cattle
3. Auscultations (listening with stethoscope), percussion (pinging certain structures), and succussion (palpating an area while listening with a stethoscope)
4. Stages of parturition
   1. Restless nesting behavior, cervical dilation, myometrial contractions (can last anywhere from 1hr-12hrs)
   2. Ferguson’s reflex (contractions initiated by fetus in the birthing canal), myometrial AND abdominal contractions, straining reflux (if not in stage 2, vaginal palpation shouldn’t cause any straining) (can least 30min small ruminants, up to an hour in cows)
   3. Expulsion of all fetal membranes (time varies, if it takes more than an hour in a horse then it is an emergency but is considered normal if it happens in a cow).
5. I was able to observe a pig blood transfusion
   1. I also learned that pigs are ulcer machines if they get stressed or are off feed.
6. There were many cattle that came in with a displaced abomasum (DA) which is when there is torsion to the left or right of the abomasum disrupting normal gastrointestinal function
7. Any surgery that enters the gastrointestinal tract is considered automatically a ‘dirty’ surgery, meaning not sterile.
   1. There was a bull that presented as ‘aint doing right’ and off-feed. Physical exam showed a ping on both the left and right abdomen indicating gas
   2. A blood pH was taken showing alkalemic blood (basic), low in Cl-.
      1. This indicates that the abomasum ( the true stomach of bovines) was not producing hydrochloric acid as it should be or that it was getting diluted due to fluid build-up. If it was an intestinal problem, we would see the blood pH as acidic as there would be a loss in bicarbonate in the gut (a basic chemical that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid leaving the abomasum)
   3. The vets elected to go straight to surgery and found a compacted feed blockage in the pyloric sphincter exiting the abomasum. They went in, removed the feed, and closed him up.
   4. The bull was given fluids and was eating normally again that night.
8. Bulls usually present lameness in the front feet (due to increased muscle/mass in the cranial half of their body) and cows usually present lameness in their hind feet.
   1. Lameness could be due to an abscess/ulcer, overgrowth, corkscrew claw were the hoof wall grows into a spiral, and really pretty much anything else that can damage the feet.

Sorry that this post was kind of all over the place and didn’t have much purpose. I just wanted to get something posted. If you have any questions about anything in my posts that you want me to expand on feel free to ask, it’ll honestly help me study. Also, I know I promised to tell you all about the bobcat that my wildlife team is treating but I am still wanting to hold out until it is released to a rehab center before I post anything

Imaging Fun

I am on imaging this week and so far it has been fantastic (granted it is only Monday but it gives me high hopes for the days to come). Today we discussed a case that happened a few years ago concerning a Boston terrier. Boston terriers are predisposed to peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). I know that is a huge scary word but it is really quite simple. Most people think of hernias in the abdomen (result of a weakening if the abdominal walls/muscles that allows a loop of intestines to slip out) and diaphragmatic hernias are very similar to that but it is when there is some sort of penetration of the diaphragm allowing the guts to slip through into the chest cavity. Now, PPDH is when the contents slip through the diaphragm and into the pericardial sac (the tissue covering the heart). This was actually an incidental finding, she came in due to concerns of dribbling urine. You would think that this would be a major problem, but it is actually a congenital issue found in some Boston terriers and they can live full lives with it. The main cause for surgical intervention is if something that expands were in the sac (i.e. stomach). The symptom for this would not be from the heart but from difficulty breathing due to pressure on lungs.

Now time for pictures, yay! All names and information has been removed for confidentiality.

This image below shows a chest radiograph of what would be normal to see. The line separating the lungs and the liver/stomach would be the diaphragm. Since the patient is a Boston terrier, all of the organs will be slightly closer together but this gives you a good idea of what you should be seeing.

Now the images below are of the PPDH patient. You don’t have to be a radiograph-reading wiz to tell that something just isn’t right about this. The lung fields are small or missing (most of the lobes were actually collapsed), the heart is practically indiscernible, there are what appears to be loops where the heart is (shown by the darkened spaces which could be gas in the intestinal tract), and it is impossible to tell the entire length of where the diaphragm is.

So now you are probably wondering, or have forgotten more likely, about what happened with the urine dribbling issues. She was found to have bilateral ectopic ureters. The ureters are the tubes that bring the urine from the kidneys to the bladder and ectopic means that they are traveling to somewhere other than the bladder. This can be a not-too-uncommon cause of urinary incontinence in young dogs.

This pooch did have surgical intervention to restore all gut contents to their proper place and the ureters were placed back to their rightful place to the bladder.

 

That is all I have for you today but keep an eye out for future post where I discuss the bobcat my wildlife team is taking care of. I don’t want to make a post on it yet until we have a better idea of the prognosis and treatment timeline. We were also instructed to not post anything about it on the internet until future notice as it is a great PR opportunity that will garner a lot of attention and the managers wish to be the only ones currently putting out information so that it can be the most correct information. Hopefully we can get some funding in to help pay for the relatively expensive surgery it will need to be released into the wild.

Also, I am getting another dog. A ~4yr old great dane. This puts my pet count to 3 ferrets, 2 guinea pigs, and 3 dogs (I have issues haha). Here are some pictures of Buddy ft. Zella my border collie/lab mutt.